SDC1 and pterygium: These modules were as follows: (i) mtDNA/dsRNA of mitochondrial innate immunity, antioxidants of the integrated stress response, and syndecans of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in the Asian pterygiums; (ii) interleukins of extracellular immunity, mtdsRNA of mitochondrial innate immunity, mitochondrial modules of the unfolded protein response, and death factors of integrated stress response in the European pterygiums.