TNF and atrial fibrillation: Several reports have demonstrated a significant correlation between the systemic markers of inflammation, such as IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, C-reactive protein (CRP), interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), with the role of inflammation in AF in both human and experimental animal models.