CREB1 and cancer: By inhibiting the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and FOXO activity, signaling pathways via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/IkappaBeta (Iκβ) kinase (IKK)/Iκβ/NF-κβ pathways, Ras kinases (Ras)/Raf kinases (Raf)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase(MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and MEK kinase (MEKK)/cJun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK)/CREB, or MEKK/mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38)/CREB pathways can increase the survival of cells, including cancer cells [168,169,170].