Furthermore, DA and its toxic metabolites can interact with PD-related genes, including α-synuclein (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, DJ-1 and glucocerebrosidase-1 (GBA1) in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD [18,19,20,21,22]. Here, PINK1 is linked to Parkinson disease.