The identification of BRAF mutations, particularly the substitution V600E in about 4% of NSCLC, and the clinical success of BRAF and MEK inhibitors in the context of metastatic BRAFV600E-mutant melanoma set the rationale for the clinical investigation of these drugs as a therapeutic strategy targeting BRAFV600E-mutant NSCLC. This evidence concerns the gene BRAF and melanoma.