VEGFA and neoplasm: As shown in Table 6 and Figure 7, the expression level of the tumour marker VEGF in the serum of dogs with canine mammary carcinomas is significantly higher than that in the group with benign mammary tumours and the healthy controls (p < 0.001), and the differences between the group with benign mammary tumours and the healthy control is significant (p < 0.05).