The liver of patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), NASH, primary biliary cholangitis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis is infiltrated by CD14highCD16neg monocytes which secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, IL-1β, CCL1, and CCL2 [41]. Here, TNF is linked to primary biliary cholangitis.