Further studies have shown that erastin kills cancer cells in a three-pronged attack: (1) inhibiting the uptake of cystine through the system XC− antiporter [10], (2) disrupting mitochondria function and releasing oxidants from the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) [11], and (3) modulating the expression and activity of the tumor suppressor gene, TP53 [12]. Here, VDAC1 is linked to cancer.