ESR1 and cancer: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of cancers divided into four main categories according to their intrinsic gene signatures: Luminal A (LumA), defined as estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative; Luminal B (LumB), defined as ER- and/or PR-positive and HER2-positive or -negative; HER2-overexpressing; and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), lacking ER, PR, and HER2 expression [1].