PDCD1 and cancer: These advantages, coupled with their demonstrated good biocompatibility in vivo, the lack of complex and sophisticated engineering methods used herein, and their potential as autologous disruptors resembling IT by targeting the PD1/PDL1 axis that can remodel the TME, uphold the wider future clinical application of patient-derived NExT for the autologous treatment, including chemoimmunotherapy, of cancer patients with PDL1+ tumors through a personalized adoptive nanotherapy (Fig. 8).