Moreover, significant colocalization of tumour cells with specific types of immune cells was observed (ARHGAP15 cells and CD8 + CCL5 cells in the low-score group; TPK1 and both CD4 + FOXP3 and CD8 + CXCL13 + ITGAE cells in the high-score group), demonstrating spatial consistency with the ST-seq data (Fig. 5D). Here, FOXP3 is linked to neoplasm.