Covariates included in this study encompassed age, sex, race, education level, the ratio of family income to poverty (PIR), body mass index (BMI), serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum creatinine, serum uric acid, urine albumin to creatinine ratio (uACR), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), total cholesterol, urinary lead, urinary cadmium, alcohol consumption, smoking status, diabetes mellitus (DM), and use of anti-hypertensive medications. Here, ALB is linked to diabetes mellitus.