PTEN and urinary bladder cancer: Before invasive cancer arises, some patients may present with oral premalignant lesions, including leukoplakia (white patches), erythroplakia (red patches), or dysplastic leukoplakia.40 While previous research has examined the role of m1A in cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma and bladder cancer, m1A modification levels in precancerous tissues remained unclear.35,41 Using our Tgfbr1/Pten 2cKO mice, we demonstrate elevated RNA m1A modification levels in precancerous states.