Previous studies have shown that oncolytic virus (OV) injection induces IFNγ expression, which upregulates PD-L1 expression in cancer cells and leads to immune evasion and OV monotherapy failure.12 In Tgfbr1/Pten 2cKO mice, two OV doses significantly upregulated mRNA levels of both PD-L1 and TRMT61A (Fig. 5a, c). This evidence concerns the gene TGFBR1 and cancer.