INS and Hyperinsulinemia: The potential mechanisms behind this association may involve phenylalanine’s role in stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells,[54–57] and its potential exacerbation of T2D through hyperinsulinemia, leading to pancreatic β cell exhaustion.[58] Research by Zhou Q et al demonstrated that phenylalanine modifies the insulin receptor β (IRβ), resulting in the inactivation of insulin signal transduction and glucose uptake.