Among these factors, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and its receptor CCR2 play a pivotal role in this process.[41,42] We determined that CD40 expressed on monocytes contributes to the progression of AF (OR: 1.0149, 95% CI: 1.0035–1.0264; P = .0101). The gene discussed is CD40; the disease is atrial fibrillation.