TNF and age-related macular degeneration: Finally, mast cell releases angiogenic factors and proteases that promote vascularization, including VEGFA, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), IL-8, nerve growth factor (NGF), TGFβ, TNFα, heparin, histamine, tryptase, chymase, MMP-2, and MMP-9 [19] that may contribute to neovascularization occurring in AMD.