PIN1 and Alzheimer disease: Consistent the findings that Pin1 protects against tau-associated neurodegenerative diseases by catalyzing cis–trans isomerization, the accumulation of cis-P-tau has been shown to be an early biomarker and etiological factor for the neurodegenerative effects of traumatic and vascular brain injury and long-term sequelae like AD, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and vascular dementia [266,267,268,269,270,271].