Study reported that AURKA, SPP1, NUSAP1, UBE2C, TOP2A, AFP, PTTG1, GMNN, RRM2, CXCL12, SPARCL1, FOS, SOCS3, DCN, PCK1, and FOSB can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for liver cancer, among which FOBS and SPP1 genes can also be used as prognostic biomarkers (Gao et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and liver cancer.