Children with ASD have higher concentrations of chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al) in their blood compared to neurotypical children, often accompanied by zinc deficiencies, which is a major cause of social difficulties and language skill deficits (41); Copper induces neuronal degeneration and oxidative damage, disrupts synaptic plasticity and inhibits the CREB/BDNF pathway, exacerbating learning and memory deficits (42); Zinc deficiency may lead to decreased cognitive and learning abilities and increased oxidative stress (43). Here, BDNF is linked to Zinc deficiency.