TNF and autoimmune disease: Compared to the DSC-EV group, the DSC-IL-6i group exhibited higher levels of TNF-α (Figure 6D), a representative inflammatory cytokine secreted by Th1 cells, and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (Figure 6E), which contributes to the pathogenicity of Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases.