The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway is a prominent defense system that protects lung epithelial cells against oxidative stress by activating antioxidants, lysosomal biogenesis, and autophagy pathways; however, NRF2 hyperactivation has been implicated in lung cancer development and metastasis, with known functional complexity 28-30. The gene discussed is NFE2L2; the disease is lung cancer.