The protein levels of glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), HK2, PKM2 and LDHA were increased in both PHG patients and mice with PVL, and the upregulation of HK2 and LDHA rather than PKM2 was decreased by Nec-1 in mice with PVL (Figure 6B, 6C). Here, LDHA is linked to periventricular leukomalacia.