Western blotting analysis of representative ETC complex subunits revealed that the expression levels of NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A9 (NDUFA9), succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A (SDHA), cytochrome b (Cyt b), cyclooxygenase I (COX I) and alpha subunit of ATP synthase (ATP5A) were decreased in both PHG patients and mice with PVL (Figure 7E, 7F, 7H). This evidence concerns the gene NDUFA9 and periventricular leukomalacia.