TNF and Hyperglycemia: Second, the release of multiple cytokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), independently and synergistically with catecholamines promotes hepatic glucose production, whereas interleukin 1 (IL-1) and TNF-α also inhibit insulin release, seemingly in a concentration-dependent manner [32], jointly promoting the occurrence of hyperglycemia.