As cancer cells are under negative selective pressure from the immune system, several mechanisms of immune escape by cancer cells have been proposed: (i) cancer cells downregulate antigen presentation by deleting HLA alleles (71), (ii) cancer cells deplete neoantigens to avoid detection (89), (iii) oncogenic signaling may upregulate PD-L1 expression and suppress T-cell recruitment (90). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is cancer.