Since these two groups of pediatric HF patients were quite similar in this analysis, this suggests that the true association of serum NT-proBNP concentration in pediatric HF patients from either DCM or congenital cardiovascular malformations may be similar and in fact may be even more significant in pediatric DCM HF patients that demonstrated here since the direction of relation to symptoms in congenital cardiovascular malformation patients may be lower. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.