Previous studies have revealed dystrophin expression in multiple areas of the brain, including neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (OLs) (Hoffman et al., 1988; Miike et al., 1989; Gorecki et al., 1991; Bies et al., 1992; Yoshioka et al., 1992; Lidov et al., 1993; Tokarz et al., 1998; Garcia-Cruz et al., 2023; Aranmolate et al., 2017), yet the cell and molecular mechanisms that contribute to neurological deficits in DMD remain largely unexplored. This evidence concerns the gene DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.