Of particular note, dystrophin expression and function has been identified in neuronal inhibitory synapses (Zarrouki et al., 2022; Vaillend and Chaussenot, 2017; Miranda et al., 2009) and in astrocytic terminal processes (also known as endfeet) of the blood-brain barrier (Nico et al., 2003, 2004), implicating these cells in DMD neuropathology. This evidence concerns the gene DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.