GAPDH and HIV-1 infection: Furthermore, herein we show that (Figure 2) HIV-1 infection caused changes in microRNA that disrupt homeobox HOXB3 versus control GAPDH messenger RNA (Zhou et al., 2001), with the consequences of inhibiting hematopoiesis due to the loss of HOXB3 messenger RNA expression (Figure 2) (Sauvageau et al., 1997).