NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: Interestingly, in another study of AB surgery, STING overexpression was shown to improve cardiac function and significantly attenuate cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation; the in vitro STING overexpression in Ang II-induced cardiomyocytes significantly suppressed the cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) mRNA levels [57].