INPP4A and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Since IPF is characterized by usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), which has hallmarks of spatial heterogeneity that is, the occurrence of fibrotic lung near histologically normal lung and temporal heterogeneity that is, the acutely active disease present along with progressively active disease marked by fibrotic scars, we further wished to understand if INPP4A expression was uniform across heterogeneous regions of IPF (Raghu et al., 2018, 2022).