Notably, CD274, IDO1, CTLA4, ICOS, TIGIT, IL10, TNFRSF9, and HAVCR2 demonstrated significant co-expression with CD47 in Group 1 (BLCA, BRCA, CESC, COAD, READ, CRC, ESCA, ESCC, GBM, HNSC, LUSC, OSCC, OV, SKCM, STAD, TGCT, THCA, UCS), while NFKB1, GRB2, NFATC3, YY1, NFATC2IP, PRDM1, and FOXO1 exhibited co-expression in other cancer types designated as Group 2. Here, ICOS is linked to cancer.