THBS2 and neoplasm: Specifically, these cell types, including CAFs, Tregs, M2-TAMs, and MDSCs, have been recognized as biomarkers associated with T-cell exclusion within the tumor microenvironment (TME) [56–59].The interaction between CAFs and CD47 involves the receptor THBS2/THBS3 on CAFs interacting with CD47 expressed on cancer cells, promoting further cancer progression.