Given the fact that PD-1/CD80+ aT-sEVs impaired anti-PD-1 blockade therapy in vivo, we then investigated the association between PD-1/CD80+ aT-sEVs and tumour-infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes (TILs), which are an important factor of the antitumour immunity. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.