No significant causal associations were recorded between testosterone, Estradiol, fasting Insulin, fasting glucose, BMI, obesity, hypertension, NAFLD, IBS, constipation, HP infection, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, antihypertensives, antidepressants, aspirin, paracetamol, meloxicam, miserableness, heavy physical work, voluntary work, inability to work, ASD, anxiety, ADHD, various cooking oils, multiple dietary patterns, smoking frequency, physical exercise intensity, CRP, and FD (Figs 2, 3 and Table 2). Here, INS is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.