TLR4 and colorectal cancer: FadA adhesin produced by Clostridium nucleatum binds to E-calmodulin to produce pro-inflammatory factors and activates the TLR4/NF-κB signaling path way via lipopolysaccharide LPS to promote the recruitment of MDSCs to the infection site, this recruitment activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which further modulates the bacterial adhesion and invasion into the epithelial cells, ultimately, this process promotes the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells that Promotion of colorectal cancer (Yang et al. 2024).