VEGFA and neoplasm: Moreover, anti-VEGFA therapy has a significant impact on the tumor microenvironment (Finley and Popel, 2013; Tu et al., 2023), which has promoted the development of combined treatment strategies of anti-VEGFA with other tumor immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (Hack et al., 2020; Chambers et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2022; Tu et al., 2023).