ATP7A and atherosclerosis: Furthermore, both ATOX1 and ATP7A are involved in copper-induced growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and the migration of these cells is a crucial factor in atherosclerosis and vascular injury (Ashino et al., 2010; Kohno et al., 2013) and the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells is a key factor in atherosclerosis and vascular injury.