TNF and neoplasm: Tumor-associated macrophages (TANs) also known as the M2 phenotype contribute to this regulation by secreting granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (Su et al., 2014), IL-6, along with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β (Guo et al., 2019), and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) by activation of PI3Kγ, STAT, KLF6, ZEB1, and NFAT1 transcription factors which support tumorigenesis and metastasis, while macrophage plasticity is beneficial during the wound healing process (Ricketts et al., 2021).