HIF1A and colitis: According to one report, using HIF-1αΔIEC mice, butyrate no longer alleviates DSS-induced colitis.43 Another study demonstrated that butyrate’s protective effect on Clostridium difficile-induced colitis disappears in HIF-1αΔIEC mice.44 Butyrate inhibits PHD2 in an HIF-1α-dependent manner, preserving intestinal barrier integrity and function.45 This highlights the importance of HIF-1α stability in mitigating colitis.