The results of Masson’s staining and immunohistochemical staining of collagenase III showed that compared to DCM + AAV9-GDF11 group mice, DCM + AAV9-GDF11 + PPARα agonist group mice had increased myocardial fibrosis (Fig. 6C and Figure S4A). Here, GDF11 is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.