This axis has been shown to protect against conditions such as lung fibrosis and inflammation [45–47] In summary, the dysregulation of RAAS, characterized by increased angiotensin II levels, sodium and water retention, vasoconstriction, and downregulation of protective pathways, may contribute to elevated blood pressure in COVID-19 patients (Fig. 3) [48]. Here, AGT is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.