TNF and cancer: The previous study showed that Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction regulates immune response and inflammation by activating various signaling pathways, including the MAPK pathway, cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α activate the MAPK pathway, leading to increased inflammatory response, which plays an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases and cancers, and that enrichment of this pathway in high-risk groups may imply a stronger inflammatory state or aberrant immune activation41,42.