CSF2 and neoplasm: M-CSF induces regulatory macrophages for homeostasis, and GM-CSF generates inflammatory macrophages, secreting IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, with IFN-γ enhancing this production, potentially aiding tumor growth (Duluc et al. 2007; Jeannin et al. 2018; Lacey et al. 2012).