CD274 and neoplasm: Unfortunately, fewer than 15% of patients respond to ICI therapy (Haslam and Prasad, 2019), as the success of this therapy is dependent on various factors such as the expression of immune checkpoint markers (i.e., PD-L1, CTLA-4 and LAG3) by the tumor cells, the TME and the infiltration of functional, tumor-killing cytotoxic T cells (Bonaventura et al., 2019a; Haslam et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2023).