Activation of TGF-b pathway in tumor stroma is known to increase production of collagen rich extracellular matrix, to induce expression of FAP and aSMA, to mediate crosstalk between CAFs and cancer cells and therefore support CAF governing of stemness, EMT, proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance, and is generally indicative of bad prognosis (65–70). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.