However, when liver injury occurs, HSCs, Kupffer cells (KCs) and other related cells produce large amounts of TGF-β1, which activates HSCs to form myofibroblasts, promotes the production of ECM and inhibits matrix degradation, resulting in the accumulation of scar matrix and liver fibrosis [50, 51]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.