VCAN and metastatic malignant neoplasm: Indeed, CtBP1/BARS expression and activity has been found to be upregulated in metastatic cancer types [97] where this protein repressed epithelial marker genes such as E-cadherin (CDH1), plakoglobin, desmoglein-2, occludin [44, 45, 58], beta-catenin [98] and increased the expression of mesenchymal marker genes including vimentin, N-cadherin, Snail [99] and versican [VCAN [96]].