VEGFA and Hyperglycemia: In the early stages of pregnancy, this hyperglycemia stimulates increased expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP) and its receptor (PTH-R1), along with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 leading to substantial disruptions in placental function and angiogenesis, which are crucial for maintaining a healthy feto-maternal environment during pregnancy, potentially leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes [7, 8].