INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Upon comparing the AUC between the WT-Ctrl group and the KO-Ctrl group, as well as between the WT-T2DM group and the KO-T2DM group, we observed that TFF3 knockout mice exhibited a significant improvement in glucose utilization (P < 0.05, Fig. 3F) rather than insulin sensitivity (P = 0.2316, Fig. 3G) in the glucose and insulin tolerance tests.