AAV-TNFR1-transfected mice showed significant improvements in depression-like behaviors, when compared with mice in the AAV-NC and CUMS groups, such as a significant increase in the exploration time of the center of the open field (Figs. 6D and S5B) and a decrease of immobility time in the FST (Fig. 5E) and TST (Fig. 5F). Here, TNFRSF1A is linked to major depressive disorder.