To determine whether treatment with TNF-α affected depression, considering the TNFR1 inducing pro-inflammatory effects, we constructed a GFP adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector carrying a knockdown TNFR1 gene driven by the CMV promoter (AAV-TNFR1; Fig. 5A, B). This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1A and depressive symptom measurement.