CCL2 and ischemic stroke: Injury-induced BBB leakage has been linked with increased paracellular transport regulated by tight-junction proteins and elevated caveolae-mediated transcellular transport.66 Mounting evidence suggests that the CCL2-CCR2 signaling is detrimental to ischemic stroke recovery and BBB function.67,68 Increased CCL2 leads to loss of endothelial tight-junction marker expression69 and upregulation of caveolae.