TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Endothelial dysfunction, induced by intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM1), smooth muscle cell loss from TNF‐α and IL‐1β, and cell death caused by matrix metalloproteinase and TNF‐α collectively contribute to the progressive weakening of the arterial wall, leading to dilatation, aneurysm formation and eventual rupture [12].